Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun stimulates melanin production, leading to tanning and sunburn. Over time, excessive sun exposure can cause dark spots, sunspots, and uneven skin tone.
Hormonal Changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during pregnancy, menopause, or puberty, can trigger an increase in melanin production.
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH): Skin inflammation or injury, such as acne, cuts, burns, or insect bites, can trigger melanin production in the affected area, leading to dark spots or patches as the skin heals.
Medications: Certain medications, such as oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, or chemotherapy drugs, can cause skin darkening as a side effect.
Genetic Factors: Some people are genetically predisposed to develop darker skin due to their ethnic background or family history.
Skin Irritation: Harsh skincare products, excessive exfoliation, or frequent use of chemical peels can irritate the skin and trigger inflammation, leading to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Friction and Rubbing: Friction from clothing, accessories, or repetitive rubbing of the skin can stimulate melanin production in certain areas, resulting in darkening over time.
Age-related Changes: As we age, the skin's natural repair processes slow down, and accumulated sun damage becomes more apparent.